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Seal discovered in excavations at Khazar sites, whose symbolic significance is uncertain. The Khazar state was, Oppenheim says, the only Jewish state to rise between (67–70 CE) and the (1948), and its example stimulated messianic aspirations for a return to Israel as early as. In the time of the Egyptian vizier (d.1121), one Solomon ben Duji, often identified as a Khazarian Jew, attempted to advocate for a messianic effort for the liberation of, and return of all Jews to, Palestine. He wrote to many Jewish communities to enlist support.

De Administrando Imperio is the Latin title of a Greek work written by the 10th-century Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII. The Greek title of the work is Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν Ρωμανόν ('To [my] own son Romanos'). It is a domestic and foreign policy manual for the use of Constantine's son and successor, the Emperor. History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century; Turkic Khaganate 552–744 Western Turkic Eastern Turkic: Khazar Khaganate 618–1048: Xueyantuo 628–646.

He eventually moved to where his son some decades later assumed the title of and, raising an army for this purpose, took the fortress of north of. His project was opposed by the rabbinical authorities and he was poisoned in his sleep. One theory maintains that the, until then a decorative motif or magical emblem, began to assume its national value in late Jewish tradition from its earlier symbolic use by Menachem. The word Khazar, as an ethnonym, was last used in the 13th century by a people in the North Caucasus believed to practice Judaism. The nature of a hypothetical Khazar, Jewish or otherwise, is disputed.

Mentions encountering rabbinical students descended from Khazars as far away as in the 1160s. Khazar communities persisted here and there. Many Khazar mercenaries served in the armies of the Islamic Caliphates and other states.

Documents from medieval Constantinople attest to a Khazar community mingled with the Jews of the suburb of. Khazar merchants were active in both Constantinople and Alexandria in the 12th. Religion [ ] Tengrism [ ]. See also:,, and The hypothesis of Khazarian ancestry in Ashkenazi has also been a subject of discussion in the field of, wherein claims have been made concerning evidence both for and against it. Eran Elhaik argued in 2012 for a significant Khazar component in the paternal line based on the study of Y-DNA of Ashkenazi Jews using Caucasian populations, Georgians, Armenians and, as proxies.

The evidence from historians he used has been criticised by and the technical response to such a position is dismissive, arguing that, if traces of descent from Khazars exist in the Ashkenazi gene pool, the contribution would be quite minor, or insignificant. According to, the issues of origins are generally complicated by the difficulties of writing history via genome studies and the biases of emotional investments in different narratives, depending on whether the emphasis lies on direct descent or on conversion within Jewish history. The lack of Khazar DNA samples that might allow verification also presents difficulties. Crimean Karaite claims [ ]. Main article: In 1839, was appointed by the Russian government as a researcher into the origins of the Jewish sect known as the. In 1846, one of his acquaintances the Russian orientalist Vasilii Vasil'evich Grigor'ev (1816–1881) theorised that the Crimean Karaites were of Khazar stock. Firkovich vehemently rejected the idea.

The allegation, though unfamiliar to the Karaites themselves at the time, was quickly taken up by outsiders. Firkovich successfully petitioned the Russian government to exempt the Karaites from anti-Jewish laws on the grounds that Karaites had immigrated to Europe before the crucifixion of Jesus and thus could not be held responsible for his death. He travelled widely and amassed a large collection of Judaic artefacts, visiting Egypt and Palestine, as well as the Caucasus and Crimea. The authenticity of his collection has been widely challenged among historians, and today Firkovich is widely regarded as a forger who falsified older documents and changed the dates on tombstones, and also exaggerated the size and importance of the kingdom. Many Karaims deny Israelite origins and consider themselves to be descendants of the Khazars, while specialists in Khazar history also question the connection. In literature [ ] The is an influential work written by the medieval philosopher and poet Rabbi (c.

Divided into five essays ( ma'amarim), it takes the form of a fictional dialogue between the pagan king of the and a who was invited to instruct him in the tenets of the. The intent of the work, although based on Ḥasdai ibn Shaprūṭ's correspondence with the Khazar king, was not historical, but rather to defend Judaism as a revealed religion, written in the context, firstly of Karaite challenges to the Spanish rabbinical intelligentsia, and then against temptations to adapt and Islamic philosophy to the Jewish faith.

Originally written in, it was translated into Hebrew. 's early novel Alroy (1833) draws on Menachem ben Solomon's story. The question of mass religious conversion and the indeterminability of the truth of stories about identity and conversion are central themes of 's best-selling mystery story. 's Justinian, 's Book of Abraham and Wind of the Khazars, and 's allude to or feature elements of Khazar history or create fictional Khazar characters.

Cities associated with the Khazars [ ],,; in the,,,, and; in and the region,,, (), (also called, Tamatarkha), and; and in the valley,. A number of Khazar settlements have been discovered in the region. Some scholars suppose that the Khazar settlement of Sambat on the refers to the later. See also [ ] • • • • • • • • • • • • Notes [ ].

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