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Home Screen of Nokia Belle Feature Pack 2 (Last version of Symbian) (1998–2008) (2008–11) (2010–11) on behalf of (2011–13) OS family Working state Discontinued Source model, previously (2010–11) Initial release 5 June 1997; 20 years ago ( 1997-06-05) (as EPOC32) Nokia Belle Feature Pack 2 / 2 October 2012 Multi-lingual Update method 65,,,, Platforms, type Real-time, Default (from 2009), previously licensed under Official website (defunct as of May 2014), (defunct as of 2009–10) Symbian was a (OS) and designed for. Symbian was originally developed as a OS for in 1998 by Symbian OS was a descendant of 's, and runs exclusively on, although an unreleased port existed. Symbian was used by many major mobile phone brands, like,,, and above all. It was also prevalent in Japan by brands including, and. As a pioneer that established the smartphone industry, it was the most popular smartphone OS on a worldwide average until the end of 2010 – at a time when smartphones were in limited use, when it was overtaken by, as Google and its partners achieved wide adoption. Alarm Kebakaran Mp3 on this page. Symbian OS was essentially a shell system and required an additional (as ) to form a complete operating system. Symbian OS became prominent from the (formerly Series 60) platform built by Nokia, first released in 2002 and powering most Nokia smartphones.

Symbian OS eventually became the most widely used smart mobile operating system, though notably not as popular in North America. Was another Symbian user interface mostly used by Motorola and Sony Ericsson, whereas in Japan the (S) platform was created by carrier.

Applications of these interfaces were not compatible with each other, despite each being built atop Symbian OS. Nokia became the majority shareholder in Symbian Ltd. In 2004 and purchased the entire share in 2008.

The non-profit was then created to make a successor to Symbian OS – seeking to unify the platform, S60 became the Foundation's favoured UI and UIQ stopped development but MOAP continued in the Japanese market. Symbian^1 (or S60 5th Edition) was created as a result in 2009. Symbian^2 (based on MOAP) was used by carrier NTT DoCoMo, one of the members of the Foundation, for the Japanese market. Symbian^3 was released in 2010 as the successor to S60 5th Edition, by which time it became fully. Symbian^3 received the Anna and Belle updates in 2011.

The Symbian Foundation disintegrated in late 2010 and Nokia took back control of the OS development. In February 2011, Nokia, by now the only remaining company still supporting Symbian outside Japan, announced that it would use 's as its primary smartphone platform, while Symbian would be gradually wound down. Two months later, Nokia moved the OS to closed licensing, only collaborating with the Japanese OEMs and later outsourced Symbian development to. Although support was promised until 2016, including two major planned updates, by 2012 Nokia had mostly abandoned development and most Symbian developers had already left Accenture, and in January 2014 Nokia stopped accepting new or changed Symbian software from developers. The in 2012 was officially the last Symbian smartphone from Nokia. NTT DoCoMo continued releasing OPP(S) (Operator Pack Symbian, successor of MOAP) devices in Japan, which still act as middleware on top of Symbian.

Phones running this include the () from and () from in 2014. Logo of Symbian OS until the Symbian Foundation was created in 2009 Symbian originated from, an operating system created by in the 1990s. In June 1998, Psion Software became, a major joint venture between Psion and phone manufacturers,, and.

Afterwards, different were created for Symbian, backed by different groups of mobile phone manufacturers. They include (, and ), ( and ) and (S) (Japanese only such as, etc.). With no major competition in the smartphone OS then ( and were comparatively small players), Symbian reached as high as 67% of the global smartphone market share in 2006. Despite its sizable market share then, Symbian was at various stages difficult to develop for: First (at around early-to-mid-2000's) due to the complexity of then the only native programming languages and Symbian C++ and of the OS itself; then the obstinate developer bureaucracy, along with high prices of various and, which were prohibitive for independent or very small developers; and then the subsequent fragmentation, which was in part caused by infighting among and within manufacturers, each of which also had their own IDEs and SDKs. All of this discouraged third-party developers, and served to cause the native app ecosystem for Symbian not to evolve to a scale later reached by Apple's App Store or Android's Google Play. By contrast, iPhone OS (renamed in 2010) and had comparatively simpler design, provided easier and much more centralized infrastructure to create and obtain third-party apps, offered certain developer tools and programming languages with a manageable level of complexity, and having capabilities such as multitasking and graphics in order to meet future consumer demands. Although Symbian was difficult to program for, this issue could be worked around by creating Java Mobile Edition apps, ostensibly under a 'write once, run anywhere' slogan.

This wasn't always the case because of fragmentation due to different device screen sizes and differences in levels of Java ME support on various devices. In June 2008, announced the acquisition of, and a new independent non-profit organization called the was established. Symbian OS and its associated user interfaces, and (S) were contributed by their owners,, and, to the foundation with the objective of creating the Symbian platform as a royalty-free, open source software, under the - and -approved. The platform was designated as the successor to Symbian OS, following the official launch of the Symbian Foundation in April 2009. The Symbian platform was officially made available as open source code in February 2010. Nokia became the major contributor to Symbian's code, since it then possessed the development resources for both the Symbian OS core and the user interface. Since then Nokia maintained its own code repository for the platform development, regularly releasing its development to the public repository.

Symbian was intended to be developed by a community led by the, which was first announced in June 2008 and which officially launched in April 2009. Its objective was to publish the source code for the entire Symbian platform under the - and -approved. The code was published under EPL on 4 February 2010; Symbian Foundation reported this event to be the largest codebase moved to Open Source in history. However, some important components within Symbian OS were licensed from third parties, which prevented the foundation from publishing the full source under EPL immediately; instead much of the source was published under a more restrictive Symbian Foundation License (SFL) and access to the full was limited to member companies only, although membership was open to any organisation.

Also, the open-source Qt framework was introduced to Symbian in 2010, as the primary upgrade path to, which was to be the next mobile operating system to replace and supplant Symbian on high-end devices; Qt was by its nature free and very convenient to develop with. Several other frameworks were deployed to the platform, among them Standard C/C++, Python, Ruby, and Flash Lite.

IDEs and SDKs were developed and then released for free, and app development for Symbian picked up. In November 2010, the Symbian Foundation announced that due to changes in global economic and market conditions (and also a lack of support from members such as and ), it would transition to a licensing-only organisation; Nokia announced it would take over the stewardship of the Symbian platform. Symbian Foundation would remain the trademark holder and licensing entity and would only have non-executive directors involved. With market share sliding from 39% in Q32010 to 31% in Q42010, Symbian was losing ground to iOS and Android quickly, eventually falling behind Android in Q42010. Was appointed the CEO of Nokia in September 2010, and on 11 February 2011, he announced a partnership with that would see Nokia adopt as its primary smartphone platform, and Symbian would be gradually phased out, together with MeeGo.

As a consequence, Symbian's market share fell, and application developers for Symbian dropped out rapidly. Research in June 2011 indicated that over 39% of mobile developers using Symbian at the time of publication were planning to abandon the platform.

By 5 April 2011, Nokia ceased to openly source any portion of the Symbian software and reduced its collaboration to a small group of pre-selected partners in Japan. Source code released under the EPL remains available in third party repositories. On 22 June 2011, Nokia made an agreement with for an outsourcing program. Accenture will provide Symbian-based software development and support services to Nokia through 2016; about 2,800 Nokia employees became Accenture employees as of October 2011. The transfer was completed on 30 September 2011. Nokia terminated its support of software development and maintenance for Symbian with effect from 1 January 2014, thereafter refusing to publish new or changed Symbian applications or content in the Nokia Store and terminating its 'Symbian Signed' program for software certification. Features [ ] User interface [ ].

Main menu of the original S60v3 on a Symbian has had a native graphics toolkit since its inception, known as AVKON (formerly known as ). S60 was designed to be manipulated by a keyboard-like interface metaphor, such as the ~15-key augmented telephone keypad, or the mini-QWERTY keyboards. AVKON-based software is binary-compatible with Symbian versions up to and including Symbian^3. Symbian^3 includes the, which is now the recommended user interface toolkit for new applications. Qt can also be installed on older Symbian devices.

Symbian^4 was planned to introduce a new GUI library framework specifically designed for a touch-based interface, known as 'UI Extensions for Mobile' or UIEMO (internal project name 'Orbit'), which was built on top of Qt Widget; a preview was released in January 2010, however in October 2010 Nokia announced that Orbit/UIEMO had been cancelled. Symbian^3 on a Nokia currently recommends that developers use with, the new high-level declarative UI and scripting framework for creating visually rich touchscreen interfaces that allows development for both Symbian and; it will be delivered to existing Symbian^3 devices as a Qt update. When more applications gradually feature a user interface reworked in Qt, the legacy S60 framework (AVKON) will be deprecated and no longer included with new devices at some point, thus breaking binary compatibility with older S60 applications. Symbian S60 5th edition on a Symbian^3 and earlier have a built-in based.

Symbian was the first mobile platform to make use of WebKit (in June 2005). Some older Symbian models have as their default browser. Nokia released a new browser with the release of Symbian Anna with improved speed and an improved user interface. Multiple language support [ ] Symbian has strong localization support enabling manufacturers and 3rd party application developers to localize their Symbian based products in order to support global distribution. Current Symbian release (Symbian Belle) has support for 48 languages, which Nokia makes available on device in language packs (set of languages which cover the languages commonly spoken in the area where the device variant is intended to be sold). All language packs have in common English (or a locally relevant dialect of it).

Homescreen of Symbian Belle FP2 in landscape mode on a. From 2010, Symbian switched to using standard C++ with as the main SDK, which can be used with either.

Qt supports the older Symbian/S60 3rd (starting with Feature Pack 1, a.k.a. S60 3.1) and Symbian/S60 5th Edition (a.k.a. S60 5.01b) releases, as well as the new Symbian platform. It also supports and, Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. Alternative application development can be done using (see ),.

Symbian OS previously used a Symbian specific C++ version, along with and later (IDE), as the native application development environment. Web Run time (WRT) is a portable application framework that allows creating on the; it is an extension to the S60 based browser that allows launching multiple browser instances as separate JavaScript applications. Application development [ ] Qt [ ] As of 2010, the SDK for Symbian is standard C++, using.

It can be used with either, or Carbide (the older IDE previously used for Symbian development). A phone simulator allows testing of Qt apps. Apps compiled for the simulator are compiled to native code for the development platform, rather than having to be emulated.

Application development can either use C++. Symbian C++ [ ] As Symbian OS is written in C++ using Symbian Software's coding standards, it is possible to develop using Symbian C++, although it is not a standard implementation. Before the release of the Qt SDK, this was the standard development environment.

There were multiple platforms based on Symbian OS that provided (SDKs) for application developers wishing to target Symbian OS devices, the main ones being UIQ and S60. Individual phone products, or families, often had SDKs or SDK extensions downloadable from the maker's website too. The SDKs contain documentation, the header files and library files needed to build Symbian OS software, and a Windows-based emulator ('WINS'). Up until Symbian OS version 8, the SDKs also included a version of the (GCC) compiler (a ) needed to build software to work on the device. Symbian OS 9 and the Symbian platform use a new (ABI) and needed a different compiler.

A choice of compilers is available including a newer version of GCC (see external links below). Unfortunately, Symbian C++ programming has a steep, as Symbian C++ requires the use of special techniques such as descriptors, active objects and the cleanup stack. This can make even relatively simple programs initially harder to implement than in other environments. It is possible that the techniques, developed for the much more restricted mobile hardware and compilers of the 1990s, caused extra complexity in source code because programmers are required to concentrate on low-level details instead of more application-specific features. As of 2010, these issues are no longer the case when using standard C++, with the Qt SDK. Symbian C++ programming is commonly done with an (IDE). For earlier versions of Symbian OS, the commercial IDE for Symbian OS was favoured.

The CodeWarrior tools were replaced during 2006 by, an -based IDE developed by Nokia. Carbide.c++ is offered in four different versions: Express, Developer, Professional, and OEM, with increasing levels of capability.

Fully featured software can be created and released with the Express edition, which is free. Features such as UI design, crash debugging etc. Are available in the other, charged-for, editions.

2003 and 2005 are also supported via the plugin. Other languages [ ]. Symbian v9.1 with a 3 interface, on a Symbian devices can also be programmed using,,,,, Widgets and Standard /. Visual Basic programmers can use to develop apps for S60 3rd Edition and UIQ 3 devices. In the past,,, and development for Symbian were possible through Crossfire, a plugin for Microsoft Visual Studio. On 13 March 2007 AppForge ceased operations; Oracle purchased the intellectual property, but announced that they did not plan to sell or provide support for former AppForge products. Net60, a. Free T Shirt Iron On Programs For Mac. NET compact framework for Symbian, which is developed by redFIVElabs, is sold as a commercial product.

With Net60, VB.NET and C# (and other) source code is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) which is executed within the Symbian OS using a just-in-time compiler. (As of 18/1/10 RedFiveLabs has ceased development of Net60 with this announcement on their landing page: 'At this stage we are pursuing some options to sell the IP so that Net60 may continue to have a future'.) There is also a version of a IDE for Symbian OS. Symbian OS development is also possible on and using tools and methods developed by the community, partly enabled by Symbian releasing the source code for key tools.

A plugin that allows development of Symbian OS applications in Apple's IDE for Mac OS X was available. Applications for Symbian OS are developed using standard techniques and tools such as the (formerly the J2ME Wireless Toolkit).

They are packaged as JAR (and possibly JAD) files. Both CLDC and CDC applications can be created with. Other tools include, which can be used to build Symbian 7.0 and 7.0s programs using Java. Nokia S60 phones can also run scripts when the interpreter is installed, with a custom made API that allows for Bluetooth support and such.

There is also an interactive console to allow the user to write Python scripts directly from the phone. Deployment [ ] Once developed, Symbian applications need to find a route to customers' mobile phones. They are packaged in files which may be installed over-the-air, via PC connect, Bluetooth or on a memory card. An alternative is to partner with a phone manufacturer and have the software included on the phone itself. Applications must be Symbian Signed for Symbian OS 9.x in order to make use of certain capabilities (system capabilities, restricted capabilities and device manufacturer capabilities).

Applications can now be signed for free. Architecture [ ] Technology domains and packages [ ] Symbian's design is subdivided into technology domains, each of which comprises a number of software packages. Each technology domain has its own roadmap, and the Symbian Foundation has a team of technology managers who manage these technology domain roadmaps. Every package is allocated to exactly one technology domain, based on the general functional area to which the package contributes and by which it may be influenced. By grouping related packages by themes, the Symbian Foundation hopes to encourage a strong community to form around them and to generate discussion and review.

The Symbian System Model illustrates the scope of each of the technology domains across the platform packages. Packages are owned and maintained by a package owner, a named individual from an organization member of the Symbian Foundation, who accepts code contributions from the wider Symbian community and is responsible for package.

Symbian kernel [ ] The Symbian kernel () supports sufficiently fast response to build a single-core phone around it – that is, a phone in which a single processor core executes both the user and the. The real-time kernel has a architecture containing only the minimum, most basic primitives and functionality, for maximum robustness, availability and responsiveness. It has been termed a, because it needs an extended kernel to implement any other abstractions. It contains a, and device drivers, with networking, telephony and support services in the OS Services Layer or the Base Services Layer. The inclusion of device drivers means the kernel is not a true microkernel. Design [ ] Symbian features and, like other operating systems (especially those created for use on desktop computers).

EPOC's approach to multitasking was inspired by and is based on asynchronous server-based events. Symbian OS was created with three systems design principles in mind: • the integrity and security of user data is paramount • user time must not be wasted • all resources are scarce To best follow these principles, Symbian uses a, has a request-and-callback approach to services, and maintains separation between user interface and engine. The OS is optimised for low-power battery-based devices and for ROM-based systems (e.g. Features like XIP and re-entrancy in shared libraries). Applications, and the OS itself, follow an object-oriented design:.

Later OS iterations diluted this approach in response to market demands, notably with the introduction of a real-time kernel and a platform security model in versions 8 and 9. There is a strong emphasis on conserving resources which is exemplified by Symbian-specific programming idioms like and a.

Similar methods exist to conserve storage space. Further, all Symbian programming is event-based, and the (CPU) is switched into a low power mode when applications are not directly dealing with an event. This is done via a programming idiom called. Similarly the Symbian approach to threads and processes is driven by reducing overheads.

Operating system [ ] The All over Model contains the following layers, from top to bottom: • UI Layer • Application Services Layer • • OS Services Layer • generic OS services • communications services • multimedia and graphics services • connectivity services • Base Services Layer • Kernel Services & Hardware Interface Layer The Base Services Layer is the lowest level reachable by user-side operations; it includes the and User Library, a Plug-In which manages all plug-ins, Store, Central Repository, and cryptographic services. It also includes the Text Window Server and the Text Shell: the two basic services from which a completely functional port can be created without the need for any higher layer services.

Symbian has a architecture, which means that the minimum necessary is within the kernel to maximise robustness, availability and responsiveness. It contains a, and device drivers, but other services like networking, telephony and support are placed in the OS Services Layer or the Base Services Layer. The inclusion of device drivers means the kernel is not a true microkernel. The real-time kernel, which has been termed a, contains only the most basic primitives and requires an extended kernel to implement any other abstractions.

Symbian is designed to emphasise compatibility with other devices, especially removable media file systems. Early development of EPOC led to adopting as the internal file system, and this remains, but an object-oriented persistence model was placed over the underlying FAT to provide a -style interface and a streaming model.

The internal data formats rely on using the same APIs that create the data to run all file manipulations. This has resulted in data-dependence and associated difficulties with changes and. There is a large networking and communication subsystem, which has three main servers called: ETEL (EPOC telephony), ESOCK (EPOC sockets) and C32 (responsible for serial communication). Each of these has a plug-in scheme. For example, ESOCK allows different '.PRT' protocol modules to implement various networking protocol schemes. The subsystem also contains code that supports short-range communication links, such as, and. There is also a large volume of (UI) Code.

Only the base classes and substructure were contained in Symbian OS, while most of the actual user interfaces were maintained by third parties. This is no longer the case. The three major UIs – S60, UIQ and MOAP – were contributed to Symbian in 2009. Symbian also contains graphics, text layout and font rendering libraries. All native Symbian C++ applications are built up from three framework classes defined by the application architecture: an application class, a document class and an application user interface class.

These classes create the fundamental application behaviour. The remaining needed functions, the application view, data model and data interface, are created independently and interact solely through their APIs with the other classes. Many other things do not yet fit into this model – for example,, providing another set of APIs on top of most of the OS and. Many of these are frameworks, and vendors are expected to supply plug-ins to these frameworks from third parties (for example, for multimedia ). This has the advantage that the APIs to such areas of functionality are the same on many phone models, and that vendors get a lot of flexibility. But it means that phone vendors needed to do a great deal of integration work to make a Symbian OS phone.

Symbian includes a reference user-interface called 'TechView.' It provides a basis for starting customisation and is the environment in which much Symbian test and example code runs. It is very similar to the user interface from the and is not used for any production phone user interface. Symbian UI variants/platforms [ ] Symbian, as it advanced to OS version 7.0, spun off into several different, each backed by a certain company or group of companies.

Unlike 's cosmetic GUIs, Symbian GUIs are referred to as 'platforms' due to more significant modifications and integrations. Things became more complicated when applications developed for different Symbian GUI platforms were not compatible with each other, and this led to OS fragmentation. User Interfaces platforms that run on or are based on Symbian OS include: •, Symbian, also called Series 60. Sony Ericsson G700 on Symbian UIQ 3.0, which comes with a resistive touchscreen It was backed mainly by Nokia. There are several editions of this platform, appearing first as S60 (1st Edition) on. It was followed by S60 2nd Edition (e.g.

), S60 3rd Edition (e.g. ) and S60 5th Edition (which introduced touch UI e.g. The name, S60, was changed to just Symbian after the formation of Symbian Foundation, and subsequently called Symbian^1, 2 and 3. • used by Nokia Communicators such as.

• Touch and button based. The only phone using this platform is. • backed mainly by and then. It is compatible with both buttons and touch/stylus based inputs. The last major release version is UIQ3.1 in 2008, on. It was discontinued after the formation of Symbian Foundation, and the decision to consolidate different Symbian UI variants into one led to the adoption of S60 as the version going forward. • (Mobile Oriented Applications Platform) [Japan Only] used by,, and -developed phones for.

It uses an interface developed specifically for DoCoMo's 'Freedom of Mobile Access' network brand and is based on the UI from earlier Fujitsu FOMA models. The user cannot install new C++ applications. (Japan Only) • [Japan Only], successor of MOAP, used on 's phone. Symbian (S60) version comparison [ ]. Feature Symbian^3/Anna/Belle Symbian^2 Symbian^1/ 5th Edition 3rd Edition Year released 2010 (Symbian^3), 2011 (Symbian Anna, Nokia Belle) 2010 (Japan only with MOAP/OPP middleware) 2008 2006 2001 Company Symbian Foundation, later Nokia Symbian Foundation Symbian Foundation Nokia Nokia Symbian OS version 9.5 (Symbian^3/Symbian Anna), 10.1 (Nokia Belle)?

9.4 9.3 version 5.2 (Symbian^3/Symbian Anna), 5.3 (Nokia Belle), 5.4 (Nokia Belle FP1) 5.1 5th Edition 3rd Edition Feature Pack 2 N/A Touch input support Yes Yes Yes No No input support Yes No No No Number of customizable home screens Three to six (Five on and, six on Nokia Belle) One Two One version support,, B, G B, G B, G support Yes No No support Yes, with extra headset Unknown, but have support Yes, with extra headset Yes, with extra headset support Yes Yes Yes No support Yes? Yes Yes No External Storage Card Support MicroSD, up to 32GB MicroSD MicroSD MicroSD, MiniSD MultiMedia Card support Yes, native version 4.0, upgradable Yes, native version 3.1, upgradable Yes, native version 3.1, upgradable Yes, native version 6, not upgradable support No [ ] Yes No [ ] No support Yes, version 2.0 No support Yes Yes Yes CPU architecture support ARM ARM ARM ARM Programmed in,?,, License; Since 31 March 2011: Nokia Symbian License 1.0 proprietary SFL license, while some portions of source code are EPL licensed. Public issues list No more,.sisx?,.sisx,.sisx,.sisx Non English languages support Yes mainly Japanese Yes Yes Yes Underlining spell checker Yes Yes Yes Yes Keeps state on shutdown or crash No No No No Internal search Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes? Yes Yes Yes On-device encryption Yes Yes Yes Yes support Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Undo No No Yes Yes Default, engine version 7.2, engine version 525 (Symbian^3); version 7.3, engine version 533.4 (Symbian Anna) version 7.1.4, engine version 525; version 7.3, engine version 533.4 (for 9 selected units after firmware updates released in summer 2011) engine version 413 () N/A Official App Store /, PlayNow Arena, Download! See also: Symbian OS is subject to a variety of viruses, the best known of which is.

Usually these send themselves from phone to phone by Bluetooth. So far, none have taken advantage of any flaws in Symbian OS – instead, they have all asked the user whether they would like to install the software, with somewhat prominent warnings that it can't be trusted, although some rely on, often in the form of messages that come with the malware,, game or some other application for Symbian. However, with a view that the average mobile phone user shouldn't have to worry about security, Symbian OS 9.x adopted a UNIX-style model (permissions per process, not per object).

Installed software is theoretically unable to do damaging things (such as costing the user money by sending network data) without being digitally signed – thus making it traceable. Commercial developers who can afford the cost can apply to have their software signed via the Symbian Signed program. Developers also have the option of self-signing their programs. However, the set of available features does not include access to Bluetooth, IrDA, GSM CellID, voice calls, GPS and few others. Some operators have opted to disable all certificates other than the Symbian Signed certificates. Some other hostile programs are listed below, but all of them still require the input of the user to run.

• Drever.A is a malicious SIS file that attempts to disable the automatic startup from Simworks and Kaspersky Symbian Anti-Virus applications. • Locknut.B is a malicious SIS file trojan that pretends to be a patch for Symbian S60 mobile phones.

When installed, it drops [ ] a binary that will crash a critical system service component. This will prevent any application from being launched in the phone. • Mabir.A is basically with added MMS functionality. The two are written by the same author, [ ] and the code shares many similarities. It spreads using via the same routine as early variants of Cabir.

As Mabir.A activates, it will search for the first phone it finds, and starts sending copies of itself to that phone. • Fontal.A is an SIS file trojan that installs a corrupted file which causes the phone to fail at reboot. If the user tries to reboot the infected phone, it will be permanently stick on the reboot, and cannot be used without disinfection – that is, the use of the reformat key combination which causes the phone to lose all data. Being a trojan, Frontal cannot spread by itself – the most likely way for the user to get infected would be to acquire the file from untrusted sources, and then install it to the phone, inadvertently or otherwise. A new form of malware threat to Symbian OS in the form of 'cooked firmware' was demonstrated at the International Malware Conference,, December 2010, by Indian hacker Atul Alex.

Bypassing platform security [ ] Symbian OS 9.x devices can be hacked to remove the platform security introduced in OS 9.1 onwards, allowing users to execute unsigned code. This allows altering system files, and access to previously locked areas of the OS. The hack was criticised by Nokia for potentially increasing the posed by mobile viruses as can be executed.

Version history [ ] Version Description EPOC16 EPOC16, originally simply named EPOC, was the operating system developed by Psion in the late 1980s and early 1990s for Psion's 'SIBO' (SIxteen Bit Organisers) devices. All EPOC16 devices featured an -family processor and a architecture. EPOC16 was a single-user operating system, written in Intel 8086 and and designed to be delivered in. It supported a simple programming language called (OPL) and an (IDE) called OVAL. SIBO devices included the: MC200, MC400, (1991–98), Series 3a, Series 3c, Series 3mx, Siena, Workabout and Workabout mx. The MC400 and MC200, the first EPOC16 devices, shipped in 1989.

EPOC16 featured a primarily monochrome, keyboard-operated graphical interface – the hardware for which it was designed originally had input in the form of a digitiser panel. In the late 1990s, the operating system was referred to as EPOC16 to distinguish it from Psion's then-new EPOC32 OS. EPOC32 (releases 1 to 5) The first version of EPOC32, Release 1 appeared on the Psion ROM v1.0 in 1997. Later, ROM v1.1 featured Release 3. (Release 2 was never publicly available.) These were followed by the, / Revo plus, / and netPad (which all featured Release 5). The EPOC32 operating system, at the time simply referred to as EPOC, was later renamed Symbian OS.

Adding to the confusion with names, before the change to Symbian, EPOC16 was often referred to as SIBO to distinguish it from the 'new' EPOC. Despite the similarity of the names, EPOC32 and EPOC16 were completely different operating systems, EPOC32 being written in C++ from a new codebase with development beginning during the mid-1990s. EPOC32 was a, single user operating system with memory protection, which encourages the application developer to separate their program into an engine and an. The Psion line of PDAs come with a called which is specifically tailored for handheld machines with a keyboard (thus looking perhaps more similar to desktop GUIs than palmtop GUIs ). However, one of EPOC's characteristics is the ease with which new GUIs can be developed based on a core set of GUI classes, a feature which has been widely explored from and onwards.

EPOC32 was originally developed for the of processors, including the,, and Intel's, but can be compiled towards target devices using several other processor types. During the development of EPOC32, Psion planned to license EPOC to third-party device manufacturers, and spin off its software division as Psion Software. One of the first licensees was the short-lived, which halted production with less than 1,000 units sold.

Marketed a rebranded Psion Series 5mx called the MC218, and later created the EPOC Release 5.1 based, the R380. Also released a budget EPOC device, the (notable as the only EPOC device to ship with Release 4). Work started on the 32-bit version in late 1994. The device, released in June 1997, used the first iterations of the EPOC32 OS, codenamed 'Protea', and the 'Eikon' graphical user interface. The Oregon Scientific was the only PDA to use the ER4.

The,,,, and were released in 1999 using ER5. A phone project was announced at, the Phillips Illium/Accent, but did not achieve a commercial release. This release has been retrospectively dubbed Symbian OS 5. The first phone using ER5u, the was released in November 2000.

It was not an 'open' phone – software could not be installed. Notably, a number of never-released Psion prototypes for next generation PDAs, including a Bluetooth Revo successor codenamed 'Conan' were using ER5u. The 'u' in the name refers to the fact that it supported.

In June 1998, Psion Software became, a major joint venture between Psion and phone manufacturers,, and. As of Release 6, EPOC became known simply as Symbian OS. Symbian OS 6.0 and 6.1 The OS was renamed Symbian OS and was envisioned as the base for a new range of. This release is sometimes called ER6. Psion gave 130 key staff to the new company and retained a 31% shareholding in the spin-off.

The first 'open' Symbian OS phone, the Communicator, was released in June 2001. Support was added. Almost 500,000 Symbian phones were shipped in 2001, rising to 2.1 million the following year. Development of different UIs was made generic with a 'reference design strategy' for either 'smartphone' or 'communicator' devices, subdivided further into keyboard- or tablet-based designs. Two reference UIs (DFRDs or Device Family Reference Designs) were shipped – Quartz and Crystal. The former was merged with Ericsson's 'Ronneby' design and became the basis for the interface; the latter reached the market as the Nokia UI. Later DFRDs were Sapphire, Ruby, and Emerald.

Only Sapphire came to market, evolving into the Pearl DFRD and finally the Nokia UI, a keypad-based 'square' UI for the first true smartphones. The first one of them was the smartphone (featuring Symbian OS 6.1), which was also the first with a built-in camera, with VGA (0.3 Mpx = 640×480) resolution. Other notable S60 Symbian 6.1 devices are the, the short lived and – the first and the last Symbian phone from Siemens. Despite these efforts to be generic, the UI was clearly split between competing companies: Crystal or Sapphire was Nokia, Quartz was Ericsson. DFRD was abandoned by Symbian in late 2002, as part of an active retreat from UI development in favour of 'headless' delivery. Pearl was given to Nokia, Quartz development was spun off as UIQ Technology AB, and work with Japanese firms was quickly folded into the standard. Symbian OS 7.0 and 7.0s First shipped in 2003.

This is an important Symbian release which appeared with all contemporary user interfaces including (Sony Ericsson P800, P900, P910, Motorola A925, A1000), (Nokia 9300, 9500), (Nokia 7710), (Nokia 3230, 6260, 6600, 6670, 7610) as well as several phones in Japan. It also added support and. Java support was changed from and JavaPhone to one based on the Java ME standard. One million Symbian phones were shipped in Q1 2003, with the rate increasing to one million a month by the end of 2003.

Symbian OS 7.0s was a version of 7.0 special adapted to have greater with Symbian OS 6.x, partly for compatibility between the Communicator 9500 and its predecessor the Communicator 9210. In 2004, Psion sold its stake in Symbian.

The same year, the first for mobile phones using Symbian OS,, was developed, which used to spread itself to nearby phones. Symbian OS 8.0 First shipped in 2004, one of its advantages would have been a choice of two different kernels ( or EKA2).

However, the EKA2 kernel version did not ship until Symbian OS 8.1b. The kernels behave more or less identically from user-side, but are internally very different. EKA1 was chosen by some manufacturers to maintain compatibility with old device drivers, while EKA2 was a.

8.0b was deproductised in 2003. Also included were new APIs to support,, two-way data streaming,, and ES with and direct screen access.

Symbian OS 8.1 An improved version of 8.0, this was available in 8.1a and 8.1b versions, with EKA1 and EKA2 kernels respectively. The 8.1b version, with EKA2's single-chip phone support but no additional security layer, was popular among Japanese phone companies desiring the real-time support but not allowing open application installation. The first and maybe the most famous smartphone featuring Symbian OS 8.1a was in 2005, 's first in.

Symbian OS 9.0 Symbian OS 9.0 was used for internal Symbian purposes only. It was de-productised in 2004. 9.0 marked the end of the road for EKA1.

8.1a is the final EKA1 version of Symbian OS. Symbian OS has generally maintained reasonable. In theory the OS was BC from ER1-ER5, then from 6.0 to 8.1b. Substantial changes were needed for 9.0, related to tools and security, but this should be a one-off event. The move from requiring ARMv4 to requiring ARMv5 did not break backwards compatibility. Symbian OS 9.1 Released early 2005. It includes many new security related features, including platform security module facilitating.

The new ARM binary model means developers need to retool and the security changes mean they may have to recode. 3rd Edition phones have Symbian OS 9.1. Sony Ericsson is shipping the and based on Symbian OS 9.1.

The earlier versions had a defect where the phone hangs temporarily after the owner sent a large number of SMS'es. However, on 13 September 2006, Nokia released a small program to fix this defect.

Support for 2.0 was also added. Symbian 9.1 introduced capabilities and a framework. To access certain APIs, developers have to sign their application with a. Basic capabilities are user-grantable and developers can them, while more advanced capabilities require certification and signing via the Symbian Signed program, which uses independent 'test houses' and phone manufacturers for approval.

For example, file writing is a user-grantable capability while access to Multimedia Device Drivers require phone manufacturer approval. A TC TrustCenter is required by the developer for signing applications. Symbian OS 9.2 Released Q1 2006. Support for 1.2 (was 1.1.2). Vietnamese language support. 3rd Edition Feature Pack 1 phones have Symbian OS 9.2.

Nokia phones with Symbian OS 9.2 OS include the,,,, and. Symbian OS 9.3 Released on 12 July 2006. Upgrades include improved memory management and native support for Wifi,. The,,,,,,, and others feature Symbian OS 9.3. Symbian OS 9.4 Announced in March 2007. Provides the concept of demand paging which is available from v9.3 onwards.

Applications should launch up to 75% faster. Additionally, support is provided. Ships with the,,,,, Nokia 5228, Nokia 5230, Nokia 5233, Nokia 5235,,,, and Sony Ericsson Vivaz Pro. Used as the basis for Symbian^1, the first Symbian platform release.

The release is also better known as, as it is the bundled interface for the OS. Symbian^2 Symbian^2 is a version of Symbian that only used by Japanese manufacturers [ ], started selling in Japan market since May 2010. The version is not used by Nokia. Symbian^3 (Symbian OS 9.5) and Symbian Anna Symbian^3 is an improvement over previous S60 5th Edition and features single touch menus in the user interface, as well as new Symbian OS kernel with hardware-accelerated graphics; further improvements will come in the first half of 2011 including portrait qwerty keyboard, a new browser and split-screen text input.

Nokia announced that updates to Symbian^3 interface will be delivered gradually, as they are available; Symbian^4, the previously planned major release, is now discontinued and some of its intended features will be incorporated into Symbian^3 in successive releases, starting with Symbian Anna. Nokia Belle (Symbian OS 10.1) In the summer of 2011 videos showing an early leaked version of Symbian Belle (original name of Nokia Belle) running on a were published on YouTube. On 24 August 2011, Nokia announced it officially for three new smartphones, the (later replaced by ),, and. Nokia officially renamed Symbian Belle to Nokia Belle in a company blog post. Nokia Belle adds to the Anna improvements with a pull-down status/notification bar, deeper integration, free-form re-sizable homescreen widgets, and six homescreens instead of the previous three. As of 7 February 2012, Nokia Belle update is available for most phone models through Nokia Suite, coming later to Australia. Users can check the availability at the Nokia homepage.

On 1 March 2012, Nokia announced a Feature Pack 1 update for Nokia Belle which will be available as an update to Nokia 603, 700, 701 (excluding others), and for natively. Symbian Carla and Donna were the planned follow-up releases to Belle, to be released in late 2012 and late 2013 respectively.

However it was acknowledged in May 2012 that these had been cancelled and that the upcoming Belle Feature Pack 2 would be the last version of the operating system. The latest software release for Nokia 1st generation Symbian Belle smartphones (Nokia N8,,, Oro,,,, ) is Nokia Belle Refresh (111.040.1511). In October 2012, the Nokia Belle Feature Pack 2, widely considered the last major update for Symbian, was released for Nokia 603, 700, 701, and 808 PureView. See also [ ] General [ ] • • •, software package used to establish an interface between Nokia mobile devices and computers running Microsoft Windows operating system; not limited to Symbian • • Nokia's application store on the Internet, not limited to Symbian Development-related [ ] • •, alternative application and OS development • • •, alternative application development language •, preferred development tool, both for the OS and applications, not limited to Symbian • IDE • •, based language References [ ]. • • Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010)..

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